#lang racket ;;; PostFix interpreter that views all commands (including exec) ;;; as stack transformers ;;; This "fancy" version includes the following features: ;;; 1. appropriate handling of all error cases, ;;; 2. the ability to display step-by-step execution, ;;; 3. a general, extensible way to handle arithops and relops ;; Set this to #t to turn on printing of intermediate stacks; #f to turn it off (define display-steps? #t) (define (postfix-run pgm args) (cond ((not (postfix-program? pgm)) (error "Invalid PostFix program" pgm)) ((not (postfix-arguments? args)) (error "Invalid PostFix arguments" args)) ((not (= (postfix-numargs pgm) (length args))) (error "Expected number of arguments does not match actual number of arguments" (list (postfix-numargs pgm) (length args)))) (else (let {[final-stack (postfix-exec-commands (postfix-commands pgm) args)]} (cond ((null? final-stack) (error "Stack empty at end of program")) ((not (integer? (first final-stack))) (error "Top of final stack is not an integer")) (else (first final-stack))))))) ;; Perform the stack transform of each command from left to right, ;; starting with init-stk, to yield the final stack. (define (postfix-exec-commands cmds init-stk) (begin (if display-steps? ; Only print intermediate stack if display-steps? is #t (printf "About to execute commands ~a on stack ~a\n" cmds init-stk) 'do-nothing) (foldl (λ (cmd stk) (let {[new-stk (postfix-exec-command cmd stk)]} (begin (if display-steps? ; Only print step-by-step details if display-steps? is #t (printf " after executing ~a, stack is ~a\n" cmd new-stk) 'do-nothing) new-stk))) init-stk cmds))) ;; Execute a command on a stack to yield a new stack. ;; So each command can be viewed as a "stack transformer" (define (postfix-exec-command cmd stk) (cond ((integer? cmd) (cons cmd stk)) ((eq? cmd 'pop) (if (< (length stk) 1) (error "pop requires nonempty stack" (list cmd stk)) (rest stk))) ((eq? cmd 'swap) (if (< (length stk) 2) (error "swap requires stack with at least two values" (list cmd stk)) (cons (second stk) (cons (first stk) (rest (rest stk)))))) ((postfix-arithop? cmd) (cond ((< (length stk) 2) (error "arithop requires two arguments" (list cmd stk))) ((or (not (integer? (first stk))) (not (integer? (second stk)))) (error "arithop requires two integers" (list cmd stk))) (else (cons ((postfix-arithop->racket-binop cmd) (second stk) (first stk)) (rest (rest stk)))))) ((postfix-relop? cmd) (cond ((< (length stk) 2) (error "relop requires two arguments" (list cmd stk))) ((or (not (integer? (first stk))) (not (integer? (second stk)))) (error "relop requires two integers" (list cmd stk))) (else (cons ((postfix-relop->racket-binop cmd) (second stk) (first stk)) (rest (rest stk)))))) ((eq? cmd 'nget) (if (< (length stk) 1) (error "nget requires one argument" stk) (let {[index (first stk)]} (cond ((not (integer? index)) (error "nget requires integer index" (list cmd stk))) ((or (<= index 0) (> index (length (rest stk)))) (error "nget index out of range" (list index (rest stk)))) (else (let {[valAtIndex (list-ref stk index)]} ;; list-ref uses 0-based index, but haven't removed index from ;; top of stack, so this works. (if (not (integer? valAtIndex)) (error "nget can't return noninteger" valAtIndex) (cons valAtIndex (rest stk))))))))) ((eq? cmd 'sel) (cond ((< (length stk) 3) (error "sel requires three arguments" (list cmd stk))) ((not (integer? (third stk))) (error "sel test value must be an integer" (list cmd stk))) (else (cons (if (= (third stk) 0) (first stk) (second stk)) (rest (rest (rest stk))))))) ((postfix-command-sequence? cmd) (cons cmd stk)) ((eq? cmd 'exec) ;; Treat executable sequence as a stack transform rather than appending the commands ;; in the sequence to commands portion of (stack * commands) configuration. (cond ((< (length stk) 1) (error "exec requires nonempty stack" (list cmd stk))) ((not (postfix-command-sequence? (first stk))) (error "exec requires executable sequence on top of stack" (list cmd stk))) (else (postfix-exec-commands (first stk) (rest stk))))) ;; Can add clauses for new commands here (else (error "unrecognized command" cmd)) )) ;;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;; General handling of arithops and relops (define postfix-arithops (list (list 'add +) (list 'mul *) (list 'sub -) (list 'div (λ (a b) (if (= b 0) (error "division by 0 on" a) (quotient a b)))) (list 'rem (λ (a b) (if (= b 0) (error "remainder by 0 on" a) (remainder a b)))) ;; Could add more arithops here )) (define (postfix-arithop? cmd) (assoc cmd postfix-arithops)) (define (postfix-arithop->racket-binop arithop) (second (assoc arithop postfix-arithops))) (define postfix-relops (list (list 'lt <) (list 'eq =) (list 'gt >) ;; Could add more relops here )) (define (postfix-relop? cmd) (assoc cmd postfix-relops)) (define (postfix-relop->racket-binop relop) (let {[boolop (second (assoc relop postfix-relops))]} (lambda (x y) (if (boolop x y) 1 0)))) ;;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;; Postfix Syntax abstractions (define (postfix-program? sexp) (and (list? sexp) (>= (length sexp) 2) (eq? (first sexp) 'postfix) (integer? (second sexp)) (postfix-command-sequence? (rest (rest sexp))))) (define (postfix-command-sequence? sexp) (and (list? sexp) (forall? postfix-command? sexp))) (define (postfix-command? sexp) (or (integer? sexp) (postfix-command-sequence? sexp) (postfix-arithop? sexp) ; defaults are: add mul sub div rem (but could add more) (postfix-relop? sexp) ; defaults are: lt eq gt (but could add more) (member sexp '(pop swap nget sel exec)) ; handle all other commands here )) (define (postfix-numargs pgm) (second pgm)) (define (postfix-commands pgm) (rest (rest pgm))) (define (postfix-arguments? sexp) (and (list? sexp) (forall? integer? sexp))) ;; Higher-order helper function from PS4 (define (forall? pred xs) (if (null? xs) #t (and (pred (first xs)) (forall? pred (rest xs))))) ;;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;;; Examples ;; Sample program from lecture (define pf1 '(postfix 2 2 nget 0 gt (sub) (swap 1 nget mul add) sel exec)) #| > (postfix-run pf1 '(3 5)) About to execute commands (2 nget 0 gt (sub) (swap 1 nget mul add) sel exec) on stack (3 5) after executing 2, stack is (2 3 5) after executing nget, stack is (5 3 5) after executing 0, stack is (0 5 3 5) after executing gt, stack is (1 3 5) after executing (sub), stack is ((sub) 1 3 5) after executing (swap 1 nget mul add), stack is ((swap 1 nget mul add) (sub) 1 3 5) after executing sel, stack is ((sub) 3 5) About to execute commands (sub) on stack (3 5) after executing sub, stack is (2) after executing exec, stack is (2) 2 |# #| > (postfix-run pf1 '(3 -5)) About to execute commands (2 nget 0 gt (sub) (swap 1 nget mul add) sel exec) on stack (3 -5) after executing 2, stack is (2 3 -5) after executing nget, stack is (-5 3 -5) after executing 0, stack is (0 -5 3 -5) after executing gt, stack is (0 3 -5) after executing (sub), stack is ((sub) 0 3 -5) after executing (swap 1 nget mul add), stack is ((swap 1 nget mul add) (sub) 0 3 -5) after executing sel, stack is ((swap 1 nget mul add) 3 -5) About to execute commands (swap 1 nget mul add) on stack (3 -5) after executing swap, stack is (-5 3) after executing 1, stack is (1 -5 3) after executing nget, stack is (-5 -5 3) after executing mul, stack is (25 3) after executing add, stack is (28) after executing exec, stack is (28) 28 |# ;; Sum-of-squares program (define sos '(postfix 2 ; let's call the arguments a and b, from top down 1 nget ; duplicate a at top of stack mul ; square a swap ; stack now has b and a^2 from top down 1 nget mul ; square b add ; add b^2 + a^2 and return )) #| > (postfix-run sos '(3 4)) About to execute commands (1 nget mul swap 1 nget mul add) on stack (3 4) after executing 1, stack is (1 3 4) after executing nget, stack is (3 3 4) after executing mul, stack is (9 4) after executing swap, stack is (4 9) after executing 1, stack is (1 4 9) after executing nget, stack is (4 4 9) after executing mul, stack is (16 9) after executing add, stack is (25) 25 |#