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1. The architect should be equipped with knowledge of many branches of study and varied kinds of learning, for it is by his judgement that all work done by the other arts is put to test. This knowledge is the child of practice and theory. Practice is the continuous and regular exercise of employment where manual work is done with any necessary material according to the design of a drawing. Theory, on the other hand, is the ability to demonstrate and explain the productions of dexterity on the principles of proportion.
2. It follows, therefore, that architects who have aimed at acquiring manual skill without scholarship have never been able to reach a position of authority to correspond to their pains, while those who relied only upon theories and scholarship were obviously hunting the shadow, not the substance. But those who have a thorough knowledge of both, like men armed at all points, have the sooner attained their object and carried authority with them.
3. In all matters, but particularly in architecture, there are these two points:—the thing signified, and that which gives it its significance. That which is signified is the subject of which we may be speaking; and that which gives significance is a demonstration on scientific principles. It appears, then, that one who professes himself an architect should be well versed in both directions. He ought, therefore, to be both naturally gifted and amenable to instruction. Neither natural ability without instruction nor instruction without natural ability can make the perfect artist. Let him be educated, skilful with the pencil, instructed in geometry, know much history, have followed the philosophers with attention, understand music, have some knowledge of medicine,[6] know the opinions of the jurists, and be acquainted with astronomy and the theory of the heavens.
4. The reasons for all this are as follows. An architect ought to be an educated man so as to leave a more lasting remembrance in his treatises. Secondly, he must have a knowledge of drawing so that he can readily make sketches to show the appearance of the work which he proposes. Geometry, also, is of much assistance in architecture, and in particular it teaches us the use of the rule and compasses, by which especially we acquire readiness in making plans for buildings in their grounds, and rightly apply the square, the level, and the plummet. By means of optics, again, the light in buildings can be drawn from fixed quarters of the sky. It is true that it is by arithmetic that the total cost of buildings is calculated and measurements are computed, but difficult questions involving symmetry are solved by means of geometrical theories and methods.
5. A wide knowledge of history is requisite because, among the ornamental parts of an architect's design for a work, there are many the underlying idea of whose employment he should be able to explain toGree inquirers. For instance, suppose him to set up the marble statues of women in long robes, called Caryatides, to take the place of columns, with the mutules and coronas placed directly above their heads, he will give the following explanation to his questioners. Caryae, a state in Peloponnesus, sided with the Persian enemies against Greece; later the Greeks, having gloriously won their freedom by victory in the war, made common cause and declared war against the people of Caryae. They took the town, killed the men, abandoned the State to desolation, and carried off their wives into slavery, without permitting them, however, to lay aside the long robes and other marks of their rank as married women, so that they might be obliged not only to march in the triumph but to appear forever after as a type of slavery, burdened with the weight of their shame and so making atonement for their State. Hence, the architects of the time designed for public buildings statues of these women, placed so as to[7] carry a load, in order that the sin and the punishment of the people of Caryae might be known and handed down even to posterity.
OEDIPUS
My children, latest born to Cadmus old,
Why sit ye here as suppliants, in your hands
Branches of olive filleted with wool?
What means this reek of incense everywhere,
And everywhere laments and litanies?
Children, it were not meet that I should learn
From others, and am hither come, myself,
I Oedipus, your world-renowned king.
Ho! aged sire, whose venerable locks
Proclaim thee spokesman of this company,
Explain your mood and purport. Is it dread
Of ill that moves you or a boon ye crave?
My zeal in your behalf ye cannot doubt;
Ruthless indeed were I and obdurate
If such petitioners as you I spurned.
PRIEST
Yea, Oedipus, my sovereign lord and king,
Thou seest how both extremes of age besiege
Thy palace altars--fledglings hardly winged,
And greybeards bowed with years, priests, as am I
Of Zeus, and these the flower of our youth.
Meanwhile, the common folk, with wreathed boughs
Crowd our two market-places, or before
Both shrines of Pallas congregate, or where
Ismenus gives his oracles by fire.
For, as thou seest thyself, our ship of State,
Sore buffeted, can no more lift her head,
Foundered beneath a weltering surge of blood.
A blight is on our harvest in the ear,
A blight upon the grazing flocks and herds,
A blight on wives in travail; and withal
Armed with his blazing torch the God of Plague
Hath swooped upon our city emptying
The house of Cadmus, and the murky realm
Of Pluto is full fed with groans and tears.
Therefore, O King, here at thy hearth we sit,
I and these children; not as deeming thee
A new divinity, but the first of men;
First in the common accidents of life,
And first in visitations of the Gods.
Art thou not he who coming to the town
Of Cadmus freed us from the tax we paid
To the fell songstress? Nor hadst thou received
Prompting from us or been by others schooled;
No, by a god inspired (so all men deem,
And testify) didst thou renew our life.
And now, O Oedipus, our peerless king,
All we thy votaries beseech thee, find
Some succor, whether by a voice from heaven
Whispered, or haply known by human wit.
Tried counselors, methinks, are aptest found
To furnish for the future pregnant rede.
Upraise, O chief of men, upraise our State!
Look to thy laurels! for thy zeal of yore
Our country's savior thou art justly hailed:
O never may we thus record thy reign:--
"He raised us up only to cast us down."
Uplift us, build our city on a rock.
Thy happy star ascendant brought us luck,
O let it not decline! If thou wouldst rule
This land, as now thou reignest, better sure
To rule a peopled than a desert realm.
Nor battlements nor galleys aught avail,
If men to man and guards to guard them tail.
OEDIPUS
Ah! my poor children, known, ah, known too well,
The quest that brings you hither and your need.
Ye sicken all, well wot I, yet my pain,
How great soever yours, outtops it all.
Your sorrow touches each man severally,
Him and none other, but I grieve at once
Both for the general and myself and you.
Therefore ye rouse no sluggard from day-dreams.
Many, my children, are the tears I've wept,
And threaded many a maze of weary thought.
Thus pondering one clue of hope I caught,
And tracked it up; I have sent Menoeceus' son,
Creon, my consort's brother, to inquire
Of Pythian Phoebus at his Delphic shrine,
How I might save the State by act or word.
And now I reckon up the tale of days
Since he set forth, and marvel how he fares.
'Tis strange, this endless tarrying, passing strange.
But when he comes, then I were base indeed,
If I perform not all the god declares.
PRIEST
Thy words are well timed; even as thou speakest
That shouting tells me Creon is at hand.
OEDIPUS
O King Apollo! may his joyous looks
Be presage of the joyous news he brings!
GIRL and ATTENDANT.
Late dewdrops are our lives that only wait
Till the wind blows, the wind of morning blows.
GIRL.
I am Hitomaru. I live in the valley of Kamegaye. My father Kagekiyo the Passionate fought for the House of Hei 1, and for this was hated by the Genji. 2 I am told they have banished him to Miyazaki in the country of Hyūga, and there in changed estate he passes the months and years. I must not be downcast at the toil of the journey; 3 for hardship is the lot of all that travel on unfamiliar roads, and I must bear it for my father's sake.
GIRL and ATTENDANT.
Oh double-wet our sleeves
With the tears of troubled dreaming and the dews
That wet our grassy bed.
We leave Sagami; who shall point the way
To Tōtōmi, far off not only in name? 4
Over the sea we row: p. 90
And now the eight-fold Spider Bridge we cross
To Mikawa. How long, O City of the Clouds, 1
Shall we, inured to travel, see you in our dreams?
ATTENDANT.
We have journeyed so fast that I think we must already have come to Miyazaki in the country of Hyūga. It is here you should ask for your father.
(The voice of KAGEKIYO is heard from within his hut.)
KAGEKIYO.
Behind this gate,
This pine-wood barricade shut in alone
I waste the hours and days;
By me not numbered, since my eyes no longer
See the clear light of heaven, but in darkness,
Unending darkness, profitlessly sleep
In this low room.
For garment given but one coat to cover
From winter winds or summer's fire
This ruin, this anatomy!
CHORUS (speaking for KAGEKIYO).
Oh better had I left the world, to wear
The black-stained sleeve.
Who will now pity me, whose withered frame
Even to myself is hateful?
Or who shall make a care to search for me
And carry consolation to my woes?
GIRL.
How strange! That hut is so old, I cannot think that any one can live there. Yet I heard a voice speaking within. Perhaps some beggar lodges there; I will not go nearer. (She steps back.)
KAGEKIYO.
Though my eyes see not autumn
Yet has the wind brought tiding
ARTH221 - Modern Architecture
due December 8
1CLCV104 - Mythology
due December 12
3Oedipus' name actually means "swollen foot", which is ironic since his feet were injured after being pierced together before he was thrown out by his family via shepherd because they heard Apollo's oracle.
Oedipus: *sees man walking down the road*
"random" man: Oh I think I'll push this guy off the road, really show him who's boss.
Oedipus: *gets knocked off road, proceeds to kill everyone* Whew, I should really work on my anger management issues.
Sophocles' Oedipus Rex is one of the most influential tragedies that survives from antiquity. It has been used in hundreds of studies, most notably Sigmund Freud's "On the Interpretation of Dreams", by which we get the phrase "Oedipus complex." Freud's use of the phrase likely comes from the section in which Jocasta talks about how "mortal men often sleep with their mothers in their dreams." It is incredible how a single line can influence an entire science.
JPN351 - Japanese Theater
due November 22
3This was so sad! The poor girl loved Kagekiyo so much...
"where can I hide,
I that have no more refuge than the dew
That finds no leaf to lie on?"
^me before, during, and after exams.
This was a beautifully written play that really demonstrates traditional Japanese values. It reminded me of Shakespeare plays, the way the wording was so eloquent and poetic.
Wendy
Homework-Doer101
Documentation for users on how to use the app
Logoi is a mobile app intended to make accessing readings and notes easier for students on the go. The following tutorial will go over the functions of the app, so you can start cracking on all of your readings for this semester!
The Home page is where you can view all of your readings. To begin a reading, click on the main tab, as indicated by the purple box above. To go directly to that reading's notes, click on the arrow to the right of the reading, as indicated in the green box above. The cog at the top-left corner of the screen takes you to the "Settings" page, while the top right takes you to the "Badges" page. The icon next to the reading's title indicates whether or not you have completed this reading. If you finished the reading outside of the app, simply click on the icon to toggle it between the checked circle or the empty circle! It's as easy as that!
A reading's page has all of the text of that reading, as determined by the professor when they input their material into the app (don't worry, it's all back-end stuff!). To add a note to the reading, simply highlight a word or phrase and press the blue "Add" icon. A dialogue box will then appear for you to add a note. When you have finished adding a note, press "Submit", and wahlah! Your note is now available for other users to view, and will be highlighted in yellow! When you reach the end of the reading, you may click on the "Finished" button to check the completed icon and return to the home page. To get to this reading's "Notes" page, click on the arrow as indicated by the green box in the picture above.
The "Notes" page is where you can see all of the notes other people have added about a specific reading. Swipe in the direction of the blue arrow to edit your own note, and in the direction of the red arrow to delete a note. The number in the heading of a reading indicates the number of notes that have been posted for that reading.
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