Module turtleBeads
Turtle-based graphics library for drawing various shapes centered on the cursor.
turtleBeads.py
In general, these functions draw things centered at the cursor, and put the cursor back where it started afterwards. Set the pensize and pencolor before drawing a shape to control what is drawn. For most shapes you can also use fillcolor and begin_fill/end_fill to fill in the shape.
This module also causes built-in turtle commands to print descriptions of
what they draw, and offers the describeAs() and endDescription()
functions to provide custom descriptions of collections of turtle
commands. These printed descriptions can be used to verify that drawing
matches a specified desired drawing.
Expand source code
"""
Turtle-based graphics library for drawing various shapes centered on the
cursor.
turtleBeads.py
In general, these functions draw things centered at the cursor, and put
the cursor back where it started afterwards. Set the pensize and pencolor
before drawing a shape to control what is drawn. For most shapes you can
also use fillcolor and begin_fill/end_fill to fill in the shape.
This module also causes built-in turtle commands to print descriptions of
what they draw, and offers the `describeAs` and `endDescription`
functions to provide custom descriptions of collections of turtle
commands. These printed descriptions can be used to verify that drawing
matches a specified desired drawing.
"""
__version__ = "1.0.0"
import math
import random
import turtle as t
# Setup function
#---------------
def setupTurtle():
"""
Sets up the turtle window using default size, speed, pen size, and
pen/fill colors.
"""
try:
t.setup()
except Exception:
pass
t.setup()
t.reset()
t.pensize(1.5)
t.color("black", "black")
# TODO: Move turtle window to front
# Print control
#--------------
PRINT_RESULTS = True
"""
Whether or not to print each time we draw something. Includes printing
for built-in turtle functions forward, back, circle, and begin/end_fill.
"""
PRINT_LINES = True
"""
Global to enable/disable printing for the forward and backward commands
(and their aliases). Useful because turtleBeads wants to use those
commands as part of larger shapes but print a higher-level summary of the
larger shape instead.
"""
CURRENT_DESCRIPTION = None
"""
A custom description of what is currently being drawn.
"""
def describeAngle(angle, normalize=360):
"""
Converts an angle (in floating-point degrees) to a string description
of that angle. The second argument (default 360) should be either
a number or None, and controls normalization. When it's exactly the
integer 180 (not 180.0), angles 0, and 180 will be described as
"horizontal" and angles 90 and 270 will be described as "vertical".
When it's exactly the integer 360, angles 0, 90, 180, and 270 will be
described using the cardinal directions (according to the default
right-handed coordinate system). If normalize is None, then no
normalization is performed, and, for example, negative angles will
remain negative. The angle will always be rounded to the nearest
tenth of a degree.
"""
if type(normalize) == int and normalize == 180:
norm = ((round(angle, 1) % 180) + 180) % 180
if norm == 0.0:
return "horizontal"
elif norm == 90.0:
return "vertical"
# otherwise fall out
elif type(normalize) == int and normalize == 360:
norm = ((round(angle, 1) % 360) + 360) % 360
if norm == 0.0:
return "East"
elif norm == 90.0:
return "North"
elif norm == 180.0:
return "West"
elif norm == 270.0:
return "South"
# otherwise fall out
elif normalize is not None:
norm = ((round(angle, 1) % normalize) + normalize) % normalize
else:
norm = round(angle, 1)
return withTenths(norm) + '°'
def describeColor(color):
"""
Describes a color.
"""
if isinstance(color, (list, tuple)):
return "RGB" + repr(color)
else:
return color
def withTenths(val):
"""
Returns a string containing the given floating-point value rounded to
the tenths place, with the decimal and zero dropped if it's an even
number.
"""
result = "{:.1f}".format(val)
if result[-1] == '0':
result = result[:-2]
return result
def describePen(pensize, pencolor):
"""
Returns a string describing the pen format for the given size &
color.
"""
return "{}-pensize {}".format(withTenths(pensize), describeColor(pencolor))
def decorateBuiltins():
"""
Handles the decoration of built-in turtle functions so that they
print a report when called.
"""
def wrapLineFcn(basefcn):
"""
Wrapper for line functions (fd/bk/etc.) that announces the line
drawn.
"""
def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
""" PLACEHOLDER """
if (
PRINT_RESULTS
and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None
and PRINT_LINES
and t.isdown()
):
# Preliminary info
wasAt = t.position()
angle = describeAngle(t.heading(), normalize=180)
fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor())
# Call the wrapped function
basefcn(*args, **kwargs)
# Gather final info
nowAt = t.position()
print(
"A {} {} line from ({}, {}) to ({}, {}).".format(
fmt,
angle,
round(wasAt[0]),
round(wasAt[1]),
round(nowAt[0]),
round(nowAt[1])
)
)
else:
basefcn(*args, **kwargs)
wrapped.__name__ = basefcn.__name__
wrapped.__doc__ = basefcn.__doc__ + """
This version also prints a description of the line it draws if the
pen is down.
"""
return wrapped
# Wrap forward & backward functions
for lf in (t.fd, t.forward, t.bk, t.back, t.backward):
lf = wrapLineFcn(lf)
setattr(t, lf.__name__, wrapLineFcn(getattr(t, lf.__name__)))
orig_circle = t.circle
def loudCircle(radius, degrees=360):
""" PLACEHOLDER """
global PRINT_LINES
if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and t.isdown():
# Collect preliminary info
wasAt = t.position()
wasFacing = t.heading()
fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor())
# Draw the circle (w/out reporting lines)
wasPrintingLines = PRINT_LINES
PRINT_LINES = False
orig_circle(radius, degrees)
PRINT_LINES = wasPrintingLines
# Collect final info
nowAt = t.position()
nowFacing = t.heading()
# Compute center
center = (
wasAt[0] + math.cos(math.radians(wasFacing + 90)) * radius,
wasAt[1] + math.sin(math.radians(wasFacing + 90)) * radius
)
if degrees >= 360:
print(
(
"A {} circle centered at ({}, {}) with radius"
+ " {}."
).format(
fmt,
round(center[0]),
round(center[1]),
withTenths(radius)
)
)
else:
print(
"A {} arc from ({}, {}) facing {} to ({}, {}) facing {}."
.format(
fmt,
round(wasAt[0]),
round(wasAt[1]),
describeAngle(wasFacing),
round(nowAt[0]),
round(nowAt[1]),
describeAngle(nowFacing)
)
)
else:
orig_circle(radius, degrees)
loudCircle.__name__ = t.circle.__name__
loudCircle.__doc__ = t.circle.__doc__ + """
This version also prints a description of the circle or arc it
draws if the pen is down.
"""
t.circle = loudCircle
orig_bf = t.begin_fill
def loudBeginFill():
""" PLACEHOLDER """
orig_bf()
if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None:
print("Start of filled shape.")
orig_ef = t.end_fill
def loudEndFill():
""" PLACEHOLDER """
color = t.fillcolor()
orig_ef()
if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None:
print("Filled in shape using {}.".format(color))
loudBeginFill.__name__ = t.begin_fill.__name__
loudBeginFill.__doc__ = t.begin_fill.__doc__ + """
This version also announces that filling has begun.
"""
loudEndFill.__name__ = t.end_fill.__name__
loudEndFill.__doc__ = t.end_fill.__doc__ + """
This version also announces that filling has ended, along with the
current fill color.
"""
t.begin_fill = loudBeginFill
t.end_fill = loudEndFill
orig_write = t.write
def loudWrite(
text,
move=False,
align="left",
font=("Arial", 8, "normal")
):
""" PLACEHOLDER """
if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None:
# Collect preliminary info
wasAt = t.position()
angle = describeAngle(t.heading())
fmt = "{}pt {}{}".format(
font[1],
font[0],
' ' + font[2] if font[2] != "normal" else ''
)
# Draw the text
orig_write(text, move=move, align=align, font=font)
# Print a message
print(
"The text '{}' in {} font at {}{}".format(
text,
fmt,
(round(wasAt[0]), round(wasAt[1])),
(
''
if angle == "East"
else (
" running " + angle
if angle in ("North", "West", "South")
else (
" tilted at " + angle
)
)
)
)
)
else:
t.write(text, move=move, align=align, font=font)
loudWrite.__name__ = t.write.__name__
loudWrite.__doc__ = t.write.__doc__ + """
This version also announces the text that is drawn.
"""
t.write = loudWrite
def beSilent():
"""
Disables printed output of turtle drawing. Re-enable it with
`beLoud`.
"""
global PRINT_RESULTS
PRINT_RESULTS = False
def beLoud():
"""
Re-enables printed output of turtle drawing if it's been turned off
using `beSilent`.
"""
global PRINT_RESULTS
PRINT_RESULTS = True
def describeAs(description):
"""
Sets the given description and turns announcements off until
`endDescription` or `beLoud` is called. Calling `endDescription` will
print the provided description. Calling `describeAs` again will
print the current description if there is one before setting a new
description.
While a custom description is active, default description messages
will not be printed.
"""
global CURRENT_DESCRIPTION
if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is not None:
print(CURRENT_DESCRIPTION)
CURRENT_DESCRIPTION = description
def endDescription():
"""
Prints out the current description if there is one, and sets it to
None, so that default descriptions will be produced.
"""
global CURRENT_DESCRIPTION
if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is not None:
print(CURRENT_DESCRIPTION)
CURRENT_DESCRIPTION = None
def quietLines():
"""
Disables printed output for forward/back commands and their aliases.
Re-enable with `loudLines`.
"""
global PRINT_LINES
PRINT_LINES = False
def loudLines():
"""
Re-enables printed output for forward/back commands if it was
disabled with `quietLines`.
"""
global PRINT_LINES
PRINT_LINES = True
# Apply decorations even on import
decorateBuiltins()
# Trace control
#--------------
def noTrace():
"""
Disables turtle tracing, so that drawing will be near-instant (much
faster than even speed 0). However, nothing will be displayed until
you call showPicture.
"""
t.tracer(0, 0)
def doTrace():
"""
Re-enables tracing, so that the turtle will move along the path that
it draws and you can see each line being drawn. This function first
updates the picture to display any lines drawn since tracing was
disabled (if it had been).
"""
t.update()
# TODO: What args here?
t.tracer(1, 1)
def showPicture():
"""
Shows any lines drawn so far. Required when noTrace has been called
to disable real-time drawing.
"""
t.update()
# Movement shortcuts
#-------------------
def realign():
"""
Sets the turtle's heading back to the default (0 degrees = facing
right).
"""
t.setheading(0)
def teleport(x, y):
"""
Penup + goto + pendown.
"""
downNow = t.isdown()
t.penup()
t.goto(x, y)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
def leap(dist):
"""
Penup + fd + pendown. You can use a negative number to go backwards.
"""
downNow = t.isdown()
t.penup()
t.fd(dist)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
def hop(dist):
"""
Lifts the pen and moves the given distance to the left of the current
turtle position without changing the orientation of the turtle (hops
sideways). Use a negative number to hop to the right. Puts the pen
back down when it's done if the pen was down beforehand.
"""
downNow = t.isdown()
t.penup()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(dist)
t.rt(90)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
# Drawing parameters
#-------------------
BASE_CURVE_STEPS = 32 # Default number of sides of a circle
MAX_CURVE_STEPS = 128 # Maximum number of sides for a circle
TARGET_SEGMENT_LENGTH = 3 # Ideal length for each side of a circle
# "Beads" functions
#------------------
def drawCircle(radius):
"""
Draws a circle centered at the given position with the given radius,
and puts the turtle back where it started when it's done.
Actually, it draws a many-sided polygon, but the difference should
usually be hard to see.
"""
downNow = t.isdown()
# Start a description if there isn't a custom description active
describing = False
if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow:
describing = True
x, y = t.position()
fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor())
describeAs(
"A {} circle centered at ({}, {}) with radius {}".format(
fmt,
round(x),
round(y),
withTenths(radius)
)
)
steps = BASE_CURVE_STEPS
segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * radius) / steps
while segmentLength > TARGET_SEGMENT_LENGTH and steps < MAX_CURVE_STEPS:
steps += 1
segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * radius) / steps
start = t.pos()
starth = t.heading()
t.penup()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(radius)
t.rt(90)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
t.fd(segmentLength / 2)
t.rt(360 / steps)
for i in range(steps - 1):
t.fd(segmentLength)
t.rt(360 / steps)
t.penup()
t.fd(segmentLength / 2)
t.goto(start[0], start[1])
t.seth(starth)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
if describing:
endDescription()
def ellipsePointAt(major, minor, angle):
"""
Takes an angle in degrees and computes the ellipse point for that many
degrees clockwise from the top of the ellipse where the given minor
radius is vertical and the given major radius is horizontal. Uses the
trammel drawing method from:
https://www.joshuanava.biz/engineering-3/methods-of-drawing-an-ellipse.html
The angle specified is interpreted as the trammel angle, not an angle
of a ray from the center of the ellipse through the given point.
"""
rad = math.radians(90 - angle)
yIntercept = -(major - minor) * math.sin(rad)
xValue = major * math.cos(rad)
yValue = yIntercept + major * math.sin(rad)
return (xValue, yValue)
def drawEllipse(radius, aspectRatio, arcAngle=None):
"""
Draws an ellipse with the given radius and aspect ratio. If aspectRatio
is less than 1, the given radius will be the ellipse's larger radius,
and the ellipse will stretch farther to the sides of the turtle than
in front of and behind it, otherwise the given radius will be the
smaller radius, and the ellipse will stretch farther to the front and
back than to the sides (the given radius is always the distance from
the turtle's current position to the sides of the ellipse directly
left and right of the turtle).
There is an optional argument 'arcAngle,' which will cause this
function to draw only part of an ellipse. The ellipse segment is
drawn starting at the left of the current cursor position if the
aspect ratio is greater than or equal to 1, or starting behind the
current cursor position if the aspect ration is less than 1.
"""
# Measure starting position/orientation
downNow = t.isdown()
startPos = t.pos()
startHeading = t.heading()
headingAdjust = 0
# Start a description if there isn't a custom description active
describing = False
if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow:
describing = True
fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor())
if aspectRatio < 1:
majorlen = radius
minorlen = radius * aspectRatio
majorAngle = describeAngle(t.heading() + 90, normalize=180)
else:
majorlen = radius * aspectRatio
minorlen = radius
majorAngle = describeAngle(t.heading(), normalize=180)
if majorAngle in ("horizontal", "vertical"):
major = majorAngle + " major axis"
else:
major = "major axis at " + majorAngle
axes = "a {}-unit {} and a {}-unit minor axis".format(
withTenths(majorlen),
major,
withTenths(minorlen)
)
describeAs(
"{a} {fmt} ellipse centered at ({x}, {y}) with {axes}".format(
a=(
"A"
if arcAngle is None
else str(round(arcAngle)) + "° of a"
),
fmt=fmt,
x=round(startPos[0]),
y=round(startPos[1]),
axes=axes
)
)
# Decide minor/major axes and start angle based on aspect ratio:
if aspectRatio >= 1:
minor = radius
major = radius * aspectRatio
startAngle = 0
# Get into position to start the ellipse:
t.penup()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(minor)
t.rt(90)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
here = (0, minor)
else:
minor = radius * aspectRatio
major = radius
startAngle = -90
headingAdjust = -90
# Get into position to start the ellipse:
t.penup()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(major)
t.rt(90)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
here = (-major, 0)
# Compute number of segments to draw based on estimated segment length:
steps = BASE_CURVE_STEPS
segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * major) / steps
while segmentLength > TARGET_SEGMENT_LENGTH and steps < MAX_CURVE_STEPS:
steps += 1
segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * major) / steps
# Actually draw the ellipse:
stop = False
for i in range(1, steps + 1):
nextAngle = startAngle + i * 360 / steps
if arcAngle is not None and nextAngle > startAngle + arcAngle:
stop = True
there = ellipsePointAt(major, minor, startAngle + arcAngle)
else:
there = ellipsePointAt(major, minor, nextAngle)
vec = (there[0] - here[0], there[1] - here[1])
# Compute heading in unrotated ellipse and distance to travel:
towardsNext = math.degrees(math.atan2(vec[1], vec[0]))
dist = (vec[0] * vec[0] + vec[1] * vec[1]) ** 0.5
# Draw segment:
t.setheading(startHeading + headingAdjust + towardsNext)
t.fd(dist)
# Update here -> there
here = there
if stop:
break
# Return to original position and heading:
t.penup()
t.goto(startPos[0], startPos[1])
t.setheading(startHeading)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
if describing:
endDescription()
def drawDot(radius):
"""
Draws a circle filled with the current pen color of the given radius.
Does not move the turtle. For large circles, this may be more round
than the result of the drawCircle function, and it will also be
faster, but the limitation is that the circle will always be filled
in, and the pen color will be used as the fill color (can't have
separate border + fill colors).
"""
# Start a description if there isn't a custom description active
describing = False
if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and t.isdown():
describing = True
describeAs(
"A {} dot with radius {}.".format(
describeColor(t.pencolor()),
radius
)
)
oldSize = t.pensize()
t.pensize(radius * 2)
t.fd(0)
t.pensize(oldSize)
if describing:
endDescription()
def drawSquare(size):
"""
Draws a square of the given size centered on the current turtle
position. Puts the turtle back when it's done.
"""
drawRectangle(size, size)
def drawRectangle(length, width):
"""
Draws a rectangle of the given length (in front of and behind the turtle)
and width (to the left and right of the turtle) centered on the current
turtle position. Puts the turtle back when it's done.
"""
downNow = t.isdown()
# Start a description if there isn't a custom description active
describing = False
if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow:
describing = True
fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor())
x, y = t.position()
# If it's square
if width == length:
angle = describeAngle(t.heading(), normalize=90)
describeAs(
(
"A {fmt} {side} by {side} square centered at"
+ " ({x}, {y}){angle}."
).format(
fmt=fmt,
side=length,
x=round(x),
y=round(y),
angle=(
" tilted at " + angle
if angle != "0°"
else ""
)
)
)
else: # it has long/short axes
# Figure out the real length/width/angle where length is longer
dlen = length
dwid = width
dangle = t.heading()
if width > length:
dlen = width
dwid = length
dangle = t.heading() + 90
angle = describeAngle(dangle, normalize=180)
if angle in ("horizontal", "vertical"):
angleString = "a {} long axis".format(angle)
else:
angleString = "a long axis at {}".format(angle)
describeAs(
(
"A {fmt} {length} by {width} rectangle centered at"
+ " ({x}, {y}) with {angle}."
).format(
fmt=describeColor(t.pencolor()),
length=dlen,
width=dwid,
x=round(x),
y=round(y),
angle=angleString
)
)
t.penup()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(width / 2)
t.rt(90)
t.bk(length / 2)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
t.fd(length)
t.rt(90)
t.fd(width)
t.rt(90)
t.fd(length)
t.rt(90)
t.fd(width)
t.rt(90)
t.penup()
t.fd(length / 2)
t.rt(90)
t.fd(width / 2)
t.lt(90)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
if describing:
endDescription()
POLYGON_NAMES = [
"point",
"line",
"hinge",
"triangle",
"quadrilateral",
"pentagon",
"hexagon",
"heptagon",
"octagon"
"nonagon",
"decagon",
None, # it's called a "hendecagon," "undecagon," or "endecagon" but
# who the heck knows that?
"dodecagon",
]
"""
Names of polygons with various numbers of sides.
"""
def polygon_name(n):
"""
The name for a polygon with N sides.
"""
if n in range(len(POLYGON_NAMES)) and POLYGON_NAMES[n] is not None:
return POLYGON_NAMES[n]
else:
return str(n) + '-gon'
def drawPolygon(sideLength, numSides):
"""
Draws a polygon with the given side length and number of sides,
centered at the current position. numSides must be at least 3, or
nothing will be drawn. The polygon created is always equilateral, and
always has one side perpendicular to the current heading that's to the
left of the current turtle position (left based on the current turtle
heading).
"""
if numSides < 3:
return
downNow = t.isdown()
# Start a description if there isn't a custom description active
describing = False
if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow:
describing = True
fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor())
x, y = t.position()
angle = describeAngle(t.heading() + 90, normalize=360)
describeAs(
(
"A {fmt} {shape} with side length {side} centered at"
+ " ({x}, {y}) with a flat side facing {angle}."
).format(
fmt=fmt,
shape=polygon_name(numSides),
side=sideLength,
x=round(x),
y=round(y),
angle=angle
)
)
# (sideLength/2) / center-side distance = tan(theta/2)
# so center-side distance = (sideLength/2) / tan(theta/2)
sideAngle = 360 / numSides
centerSideDist = (
(sideLength / 2)
/ math.tan(math.radians(sideAngle) / 2)
)
t.penup()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(centerSideDist)
t.rt(90)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
t.fd(sideLength / 2)
t.rt(sideAngle)
for i in range(numSides - 1):
t.fd(sideLength)
t.rt(sideAngle)
t.fd(sideLength / 2)
t.penup()
t.rt(90)
t.fd(centerSideDist)
t.lt(90)
if downNow:
t.pendown()
if describing:
endDescription()
# Text drawing
#-------------
FONT_SIZE = 18
TEXT_ALIGN = "center"
def fontsize(size):
"""
Sets the current font size. The default font size is 18. The argument
must be a number, and will be rounded to the nearest integer.
"""
global FONT_SIZE
FONT_SIZE = int(abs(size))
def align(where):
"""
Sets the current text alignment. The default is "center". The
argument must be one of the strings "center", "left", or "right",
or there will be no effect.
"""
global TEXT_ALIGN
if where in ("center", "left", "right"):
TEXT_ALIGN = where
def drawText(text):
"""
Draws the given text using the current font size and alignment (see
the fontsize and align functions). The text is drawn due North of the
current turtle position, no matter what direction the turtle is
facing, and cannot be rotated. Either the left edge, the center, or
the right edge of the text will be directly above the turtle,
depending on the current alignment setting. The turtle is not moved
by this command.
If the text contains a newline character, multiple lines of text will
be written.
"""
# Note: This will be loudWrite, which will describe itself
t.write(text, False, TEXT_ALIGN, ("Arial", FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
# Random Color Functions
#-----------------------
def randomPastelColor():
"""
Returns a random pastel color.
"""
return random.choice([
# Purple
"Plum",
"Thistle",
# Bluish
"LightSkyBlue",
"PaleTurquoise",
# Green-blue
"Aquamarine",
# Greenish
"PaleGreen",
# Yellowish/cream
"LightYellow",
"BlanchedAlmond",
# Redish
"LightPink",
"MistyRose",
])
def randomVibrantColor():
"""
Returns a random well-saturated color.
"""
return random.choice([
"Blue",
"Navy",
"Red",
"DarkRed",
"Green",
"ForestGreen",
"Yellow",
"Purple",
"SaddleBrown",
"SeaGreen",
"Orange",
"VioletRed",
])
def randomMutedColor():
"""
Returns a random faded color.
"""
return random.choice([
"Aquamarine3",
"DarkSeaGreen3",
"DarkOrange3",
"GoldenRod3",
"DarkSlateGray4",
"IndianRed3",
"Salmon3",
"MediumPurple2",
"Plum3",
"OliveDrab3",
"PaleGreen3",
])
def randomWarmColor():
"""
Returns a random well-saturated warm color.
"""
return random.choice([
# Pinks
"DeepPink",
"Salmon",
# Reds
"Red",
"DarkRed",
"Tomato",
# Oranges
"Orange",
"DarkOrange",
"Coral",
# Yellows & browns
"Yellow",
"SaddleBrown",
"Sienna",
# Greens
"Chartreuse",
"YellowGreen",
])
def randomCoolColor():
"""
Returns a random well-saturated cool color.
"""
return random.choice([
"Purple",
"BlueViolet",
"Blue",
"DodgerBlue",
"RoyalBlue",
"Navy",
"DarkSlateBlue",
"Turquoise",
"SeaGreen",
"DarkGreen",
"ForestGreen",
])
# Testing
#--------
def test_TurtleBeads():
"""
Tests this module by drawing various shapes in a grid.
"""
setupTurtle()
noTrace()
teleport(-200, 200)
drawCircle(50)
print("Circle done...")
teleport(-100, 200)
drawEllipse(50, 0.5)
print("Ellipse 1 done...")
teleport(0, 200)
drawEllipse(40, 1.5)
print("Ellipse 2 done...")
teleport(100, 200)
drawDot(25)
print("Filled circle done...")
teleport(200, 200)
drawSquare(50)
print("Square done...")
teleport(-200, 100)
drawRectangle(50, 75)
print("Rectangle 1 done...")
teleport(-100, 100)
drawRectangle(75, 50)
print("Rectangle 2 done...")
teleport(0, 100)
drawPolygon(40, 3)
print("Polygon 1 done...")
teleport(100, 100)
drawPolygon(40, 5)
print("Polygon 2 done...")
teleport(200, 100)
drawPolygon(20, 12)
print("Polygon 3 done...")
teleport(0, 0)
drawText("Hello\nWorld")
print("Text done...")
showPicture()
teleport(-200, -80)
for i in range(10):
t.fillcolor("navy")
t.begin_fill()
t.lt(18.182 * i)
drawSquare(20.1827 + 1.802938 * i)
t.rt(18.182 * i)
t.end_fill()
leap(50)
print("Row of squares is done...")
teleport(-200, -160)
for i in range(10):
t.fillcolor("navy")
t.begin_fill()
t.lt(18.182 * i)
drawEllipse(20.1827 + 1.802938 * i, 1.345 + 0.03 * i)
t.rt(18.182 * i)
t.end_fill()
leap(50)
print("Row of ellipses is done...")
showPicture()
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_TurtleBeads()
input("Press enter when done...")Global variables
var CURRENT_DESCRIPTION-
A custom description of what is currently being drawn.
var POLYGON_NAMES-
Names of polygons with various numbers of sides.
var PRINT_LINES-
Global to enable/disable printing for the forward and backward commands (and their aliases). Useful because turtleBeads wants to use those commands as part of larger shapes but print a higher-level summary of the larger shape instead.
var PRINT_RESULTS-
Whether or not to print each time we draw something. Includes printing for built-in turtle functions forward, back, circle, and begin/end_fill.
Functions
def align(where)-
Sets the current text alignment. The default is "center". The argument must be one of the strings "center", "left", or "right", or there will be no effect.
Expand source code
def align(where): """ Sets the current text alignment. The default is "center". The argument must be one of the strings "center", "left", or "right", or there will be no effect. """ global TEXT_ALIGN if where in ("center", "left", "right"): TEXT_ALIGN = where def beLoud()-
Re-enables printed output of turtle drawing if it's been turned off using
beSilent().Expand source code
def beLoud(): """ Re-enables printed output of turtle drawing if it's been turned off using `beSilent`. """ global PRINT_RESULTS PRINT_RESULTS = True def beSilent()-
Disables printed output of turtle drawing. Re-enable it with
beLoud().Expand source code
def beSilent(): """ Disables printed output of turtle drawing. Re-enable it with `beLoud`. """ global PRINT_RESULTS PRINT_RESULTS = False def decorateBuiltins()-
Handles the decoration of built-in turtle functions so that they print a report when called.
Expand source code
def decorateBuiltins(): """ Handles the decoration of built-in turtle functions so that they print a report when called. """ def wrapLineFcn(basefcn): """ Wrapper for line functions (fd/bk/etc.) that announces the line drawn. """ def wrapped(*args, **kwargs): """ PLACEHOLDER """ if ( PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and PRINT_LINES and t.isdown() ): # Preliminary info wasAt = t.position() angle = describeAngle(t.heading(), normalize=180) fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor()) # Call the wrapped function basefcn(*args, **kwargs) # Gather final info nowAt = t.position() print( "A {} {} line from ({}, {}) to ({}, {}).".format( fmt, angle, round(wasAt[0]), round(wasAt[1]), round(nowAt[0]), round(nowAt[1]) ) ) else: basefcn(*args, **kwargs) wrapped.__name__ = basefcn.__name__ wrapped.__doc__ = basefcn.__doc__ + """ This version also prints a description of the line it draws if the pen is down. """ return wrapped # Wrap forward & backward functions for lf in (t.fd, t.forward, t.bk, t.back, t.backward): lf = wrapLineFcn(lf) setattr(t, lf.__name__, wrapLineFcn(getattr(t, lf.__name__))) orig_circle = t.circle def loudCircle(radius, degrees=360): """ PLACEHOLDER """ global PRINT_LINES if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and t.isdown(): # Collect preliminary info wasAt = t.position() wasFacing = t.heading() fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor()) # Draw the circle (w/out reporting lines) wasPrintingLines = PRINT_LINES PRINT_LINES = False orig_circle(radius, degrees) PRINT_LINES = wasPrintingLines # Collect final info nowAt = t.position() nowFacing = t.heading() # Compute center center = ( wasAt[0] + math.cos(math.radians(wasFacing + 90)) * radius, wasAt[1] + math.sin(math.radians(wasFacing + 90)) * radius ) if degrees >= 360: print( ( "A {} circle centered at ({}, {}) with radius" + " {}." ).format( fmt, round(center[0]), round(center[1]), withTenths(radius) ) ) else: print( "A {} arc from ({}, {}) facing {} to ({}, {}) facing {}." .format( fmt, round(wasAt[0]), round(wasAt[1]), describeAngle(wasFacing), round(nowAt[0]), round(nowAt[1]), describeAngle(nowFacing) ) ) else: orig_circle(radius, degrees) loudCircle.__name__ = t.circle.__name__ loudCircle.__doc__ = t.circle.__doc__ + """ This version also prints a description of the circle or arc it draws if the pen is down. """ t.circle = loudCircle orig_bf = t.begin_fill def loudBeginFill(): """ PLACEHOLDER """ orig_bf() if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None: print("Start of filled shape.") orig_ef = t.end_fill def loudEndFill(): """ PLACEHOLDER """ color = t.fillcolor() orig_ef() if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None: print("Filled in shape using {}.".format(color)) loudBeginFill.__name__ = t.begin_fill.__name__ loudBeginFill.__doc__ = t.begin_fill.__doc__ + """ This version also announces that filling has begun. """ loudEndFill.__name__ = t.end_fill.__name__ loudEndFill.__doc__ = t.end_fill.__doc__ + """ This version also announces that filling has ended, along with the current fill color. """ t.begin_fill = loudBeginFill t.end_fill = loudEndFill orig_write = t.write def loudWrite( text, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal") ): """ PLACEHOLDER """ if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None: # Collect preliminary info wasAt = t.position() angle = describeAngle(t.heading()) fmt = "{}pt {}{}".format( font[1], font[0], ' ' + font[2] if font[2] != "normal" else '' ) # Draw the text orig_write(text, move=move, align=align, font=font) # Print a message print( "The text '{}' in {} font at {}{}".format( text, fmt, (round(wasAt[0]), round(wasAt[1])), ( '' if angle == "East" else ( " running " + angle if angle in ("North", "West", "South") else ( " tilted at " + angle ) ) ) ) ) else: t.write(text, move=move, align=align, font=font) loudWrite.__name__ = t.write.__name__ loudWrite.__doc__ = t.write.__doc__ + """ This version also announces the text that is drawn. """ t.write = loudWrite def describeAngle(angle, normalize=360)-
Converts an angle (in floating-point degrees) to a string description of that angle. The second argument (default 360) should be either a number or None, and controls normalization. When it's exactly the integer 180 (not 180.0), angles 0, and 180 will be described as "horizontal" and angles 90 and 270 will be described as "vertical". When it's exactly the integer 360, angles 0, 90, 180, and 270 will be described using the cardinal directions (according to the default right-handed coordinate system). If normalize is None, then no normalization is performed, and, for example, negative angles will remain negative. The angle will always be rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree.
Expand source code
def describeAngle(angle, normalize=360): """ Converts an angle (in floating-point degrees) to a string description of that angle. The second argument (default 360) should be either a number or None, and controls normalization. When it's exactly the integer 180 (not 180.0), angles 0, and 180 will be described as "horizontal" and angles 90 and 270 will be described as "vertical". When it's exactly the integer 360, angles 0, 90, 180, and 270 will be described using the cardinal directions (according to the default right-handed coordinate system). If normalize is None, then no normalization is performed, and, for example, negative angles will remain negative. The angle will always be rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree. """ if type(normalize) == int and normalize == 180: norm = ((round(angle, 1) % 180) + 180) % 180 if norm == 0.0: return "horizontal" elif norm == 90.0: return "vertical" # otherwise fall out elif type(normalize) == int and normalize == 360: norm = ((round(angle, 1) % 360) + 360) % 360 if norm == 0.0: return "East" elif norm == 90.0: return "North" elif norm == 180.0: return "West" elif norm == 270.0: return "South" # otherwise fall out elif normalize is not None: norm = ((round(angle, 1) % normalize) + normalize) % normalize else: norm = round(angle, 1) return withTenths(norm) + '°' def describeAs(description)-
Sets the given description and turns announcements off until
endDescription()orbeLoud()is called. CallingendDescription()will print the provided description. CallingdescribeAs()again will print the current description if there is one before setting a new description.While a custom description is active, default description messages will not be printed.
Expand source code
def describeAs(description): """ Sets the given description and turns announcements off until `endDescription` or `beLoud` is called. Calling `endDescription` will print the provided description. Calling `describeAs` again will print the current description if there is one before setting a new description. While a custom description is active, default description messages will not be printed. """ global CURRENT_DESCRIPTION if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is not None: print(CURRENT_DESCRIPTION) CURRENT_DESCRIPTION = description def describeColor(color)-
Describes a color.
Expand source code
def describeColor(color): """ Describes a color. """ if isinstance(color, (list, tuple)): return "RGB" + repr(color) else: return color def describePen(pensize, pencolor)-
Returns a string describing the pen format for the given size & color.
Expand source code
def describePen(pensize, pencolor): """ Returns a string describing the pen format for the given size & color. """ return "{}-pensize {}".format(withTenths(pensize), describeColor(pencolor)) def doTrace()-
Re-enables tracing, so that the turtle will move along the path that it draws and you can see each line being drawn. This function first updates the picture to display any lines drawn since tracing was disabled (if it had been).
Expand source code
def doTrace(): """ Re-enables tracing, so that the turtle will move along the path that it draws and you can see each line being drawn. This function first updates the picture to display any lines drawn since tracing was disabled (if it had been). """ t.update() # TODO: What args here? t.tracer(1, 1) def drawCircle(radius)-
Draws a circle centered at the given position with the given radius, and puts the turtle back where it started when it's done.
Actually, it draws a many-sided polygon, but the difference should usually be hard to see.
Expand source code
def drawCircle(radius): """ Draws a circle centered at the given position with the given radius, and puts the turtle back where it started when it's done. Actually, it draws a many-sided polygon, but the difference should usually be hard to see. """ downNow = t.isdown() # Start a description if there isn't a custom description active describing = False if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow: describing = True x, y = t.position() fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor()) describeAs( "A {} circle centered at ({}, {}) with radius {}".format( fmt, round(x), round(y), withTenths(radius) ) ) steps = BASE_CURVE_STEPS segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * radius) / steps while segmentLength > TARGET_SEGMENT_LENGTH and steps < MAX_CURVE_STEPS: steps += 1 segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * radius) / steps start = t.pos() starth = t.heading() t.penup() t.lt(90) t.fd(radius) t.rt(90) if downNow: t.pendown() t.fd(segmentLength / 2) t.rt(360 / steps) for i in range(steps - 1): t.fd(segmentLength) t.rt(360 / steps) t.penup() t.fd(segmentLength / 2) t.goto(start[0], start[1]) t.seth(starth) if downNow: t.pendown() if describing: endDescription() def drawDot(radius)-
Draws a circle filled with the current pen color of the given radius. Does not move the turtle. For large circles, this may be more round than the result of the drawCircle function, and it will also be faster, but the limitation is that the circle will always be filled in, and the pen color will be used as the fill color (can't have separate border + fill colors).
Expand source code
def drawDot(radius): """ Draws a circle filled with the current pen color of the given radius. Does not move the turtle. For large circles, this may be more round than the result of the drawCircle function, and it will also be faster, but the limitation is that the circle will always be filled in, and the pen color will be used as the fill color (can't have separate border + fill colors). """ # Start a description if there isn't a custom description active describing = False if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and t.isdown(): describing = True describeAs( "A {} dot with radius {}.".format( describeColor(t.pencolor()), radius ) ) oldSize = t.pensize() t.pensize(radius * 2) t.fd(0) t.pensize(oldSize) if describing: endDescription() def drawEllipse(radius, aspectRatio, arcAngle=None)-
Draws an ellipse with the given radius and aspect ratio. If aspectRatio is less than 1, the given radius will be the ellipse's larger radius, and the ellipse will stretch farther to the sides of the turtle than in front of and behind it, otherwise the given radius will be the smaller radius, and the ellipse will stretch farther to the front and back than to the sides (the given radius is always the distance from the turtle's current position to the sides of the ellipse directly left and right of the turtle).
There is an optional argument 'arcAngle,' which will cause this function to draw only part of an ellipse. The ellipse segment is drawn starting at the left of the current cursor position if the aspect ratio is greater than or equal to 1, or starting behind the current cursor position if the aspect ration is less than 1.
Expand source code
def drawEllipse(radius, aspectRatio, arcAngle=None): """ Draws an ellipse with the given radius and aspect ratio. If aspectRatio is less than 1, the given radius will be the ellipse's larger radius, and the ellipse will stretch farther to the sides of the turtle than in front of and behind it, otherwise the given radius will be the smaller radius, and the ellipse will stretch farther to the front and back than to the sides (the given radius is always the distance from the turtle's current position to the sides of the ellipse directly left and right of the turtle). There is an optional argument 'arcAngle,' which will cause this function to draw only part of an ellipse. The ellipse segment is drawn starting at the left of the current cursor position if the aspect ratio is greater than or equal to 1, or starting behind the current cursor position if the aspect ration is less than 1. """ # Measure starting position/orientation downNow = t.isdown() startPos = t.pos() startHeading = t.heading() headingAdjust = 0 # Start a description if there isn't a custom description active describing = False if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow: describing = True fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor()) if aspectRatio < 1: majorlen = radius minorlen = radius * aspectRatio majorAngle = describeAngle(t.heading() + 90, normalize=180) else: majorlen = radius * aspectRatio minorlen = radius majorAngle = describeAngle(t.heading(), normalize=180) if majorAngle in ("horizontal", "vertical"): major = majorAngle + " major axis" else: major = "major axis at " + majorAngle axes = "a {}-unit {} and a {}-unit minor axis".format( withTenths(majorlen), major, withTenths(minorlen) ) describeAs( "{a} {fmt} ellipse centered at ({x}, {y}) with {axes}".format( a=( "A" if arcAngle is None else str(round(arcAngle)) + "° of a" ), fmt=fmt, x=round(startPos[0]), y=round(startPos[1]), axes=axes ) ) # Decide minor/major axes and start angle based on aspect ratio: if aspectRatio >= 1: minor = radius major = radius * aspectRatio startAngle = 0 # Get into position to start the ellipse: t.penup() t.lt(90) t.fd(minor) t.rt(90) if downNow: t.pendown() here = (0, minor) else: minor = radius * aspectRatio major = radius startAngle = -90 headingAdjust = -90 # Get into position to start the ellipse: t.penup() t.lt(90) t.fd(major) t.rt(90) if downNow: t.pendown() here = (-major, 0) # Compute number of segments to draw based on estimated segment length: steps = BASE_CURVE_STEPS segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * major) / steps while segmentLength > TARGET_SEGMENT_LENGTH and steps < MAX_CURVE_STEPS: steps += 1 segmentLength = (2 * math.pi * major) / steps # Actually draw the ellipse: stop = False for i in range(1, steps + 1): nextAngle = startAngle + i * 360 / steps if arcAngle is not None and nextAngle > startAngle + arcAngle: stop = True there = ellipsePointAt(major, minor, startAngle + arcAngle) else: there = ellipsePointAt(major, minor, nextAngle) vec = (there[0] - here[0], there[1] - here[1]) # Compute heading in unrotated ellipse and distance to travel: towardsNext = math.degrees(math.atan2(vec[1], vec[0])) dist = (vec[0] * vec[0] + vec[1] * vec[1]) ** 0.5 # Draw segment: t.setheading(startHeading + headingAdjust + towardsNext) t.fd(dist) # Update here -> there here = there if stop: break # Return to original position and heading: t.penup() t.goto(startPos[0], startPos[1]) t.setheading(startHeading) if downNow: t.pendown() if describing: endDescription() def drawPolygon(sideLength, numSides)-
Draws a polygon with the given side length and number of sides, centered at the current position. numSides must be at least 3, or nothing will be drawn. The polygon created is always equilateral, and always has one side perpendicular to the current heading that's to the left of the current turtle position (left based on the current turtle heading).
Expand source code
def drawPolygon(sideLength, numSides): """ Draws a polygon with the given side length and number of sides, centered at the current position. numSides must be at least 3, or nothing will be drawn. The polygon created is always equilateral, and always has one side perpendicular to the current heading that's to the left of the current turtle position (left based on the current turtle heading). """ if numSides < 3: return downNow = t.isdown() # Start a description if there isn't a custom description active describing = False if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow: describing = True fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor()) x, y = t.position() angle = describeAngle(t.heading() + 90, normalize=360) describeAs( ( "A {fmt} {shape} with side length {side} centered at" + " ({x}, {y}) with a flat side facing {angle}." ).format( fmt=fmt, shape=polygon_name(numSides), side=sideLength, x=round(x), y=round(y), angle=angle ) ) # (sideLength/2) / center-side distance = tan(theta/2) # so center-side distance = (sideLength/2) / tan(theta/2) sideAngle = 360 / numSides centerSideDist = ( (sideLength / 2) / math.tan(math.radians(sideAngle) / 2) ) t.penup() t.lt(90) t.fd(centerSideDist) t.rt(90) if downNow: t.pendown() t.fd(sideLength / 2) t.rt(sideAngle) for i in range(numSides - 1): t.fd(sideLength) t.rt(sideAngle) t.fd(sideLength / 2) t.penup() t.rt(90) t.fd(centerSideDist) t.lt(90) if downNow: t.pendown() if describing: endDescription() def drawRectangle(length, width)-
Draws a rectangle of the given length (in front of and behind the turtle) and width (to the left and right of the turtle) centered on the current turtle position. Puts the turtle back when it's done.
Expand source code
def drawRectangle(length, width): """ Draws a rectangle of the given length (in front of and behind the turtle) and width (to the left and right of the turtle) centered on the current turtle position. Puts the turtle back when it's done. """ downNow = t.isdown() # Start a description if there isn't a custom description active describing = False if CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is None and downNow: describing = True fmt = describePen(t.pensize(), t.pencolor()) x, y = t.position() # If it's square if width == length: angle = describeAngle(t.heading(), normalize=90) describeAs( ( "A {fmt} {side} by {side} square centered at" + " ({x}, {y}){angle}." ).format( fmt=fmt, side=length, x=round(x), y=round(y), angle=( " tilted at " + angle if angle != "0°" else "" ) ) ) else: # it has long/short axes # Figure out the real length/width/angle where length is longer dlen = length dwid = width dangle = t.heading() if width > length: dlen = width dwid = length dangle = t.heading() + 90 angle = describeAngle(dangle, normalize=180) if angle in ("horizontal", "vertical"): angleString = "a {} long axis".format(angle) else: angleString = "a long axis at {}".format(angle) describeAs( ( "A {fmt} {length} by {width} rectangle centered at" + " ({x}, {y}) with {angle}." ).format( fmt=describeColor(t.pencolor()), length=dlen, width=dwid, x=round(x), y=round(y), angle=angleString ) ) t.penup() t.lt(90) t.fd(width / 2) t.rt(90) t.bk(length / 2) if downNow: t.pendown() t.fd(length) t.rt(90) t.fd(width) t.rt(90) t.fd(length) t.rt(90) t.fd(width) t.rt(90) t.penup() t.fd(length / 2) t.rt(90) t.fd(width / 2) t.lt(90) if downNow: t.pendown() if describing: endDescription() def drawSquare(size)-
Draws a square of the given size centered on the current turtle position. Puts the turtle back when it's done.
Expand source code
def drawSquare(size): """ Draws a square of the given size centered on the current turtle position. Puts the turtle back when it's done. """ drawRectangle(size, size) def drawText(text)-
Draws the given text using the current font size and alignment (see the fontsize and align functions). The text is drawn due North of the current turtle position, no matter what direction the turtle is facing, and cannot be rotated. Either the left edge, the center, or the right edge of the text will be directly above the turtle, depending on the current alignment setting. The turtle is not moved by this command.
If the text contains a newline character, multiple lines of text will be written.
Expand source code
def drawText(text): """ Draws the given text using the current font size and alignment (see the fontsize and align functions). The text is drawn due North of the current turtle position, no matter what direction the turtle is facing, and cannot be rotated. Either the left edge, the center, or the right edge of the text will be directly above the turtle, depending on the current alignment setting. The turtle is not moved by this command. If the text contains a newline character, multiple lines of text will be written. """ # Note: This will be loudWrite, which will describe itself t.write(text, False, TEXT_ALIGN, ("Arial", FONT_SIZE, "normal")) def ellipsePointAt(major, minor, angle)-
Takes an angle in degrees and computes the ellipse point for that many degrees clockwise from the top of the ellipse where the given minor radius is vertical and the given major radius is horizontal. Uses the trammel drawing method from:
https://www.joshuanava.biz/engineering-3/methods-of-drawing-an-ellipse.html
The angle specified is interpreted as the trammel angle, not an angle of a ray from the center of the ellipse through the given point.
Expand source code
def ellipsePointAt(major, minor, angle): """ Takes an angle in degrees and computes the ellipse point for that many degrees clockwise from the top of the ellipse where the given minor radius is vertical and the given major radius is horizontal. Uses the trammel drawing method from: https://www.joshuanava.biz/engineering-3/methods-of-drawing-an-ellipse.html The angle specified is interpreted as the trammel angle, not an angle of a ray from the center of the ellipse through the given point. """ rad = math.radians(90 - angle) yIntercept = -(major - minor) * math.sin(rad) xValue = major * math.cos(rad) yValue = yIntercept + major * math.sin(rad) return (xValue, yValue) def endDescription()-
Prints out the current description if there is one, and sets it to None, so that default descriptions will be produced.
Expand source code
def endDescription(): """ Prints out the current description if there is one, and sets it to None, so that default descriptions will be produced. """ global CURRENT_DESCRIPTION if PRINT_RESULTS and CURRENT_DESCRIPTION is not None: print(CURRENT_DESCRIPTION) CURRENT_DESCRIPTION = None def fontsize(size)-
Sets the current font size. The default font size is 18. The argument must be a number, and will be rounded to the nearest integer.
Expand source code
def fontsize(size): """ Sets the current font size. The default font size is 18. The argument must be a number, and will be rounded to the nearest integer. """ global FONT_SIZE FONT_SIZE = int(abs(size)) def hop(dist)-
Lifts the pen and moves the given distance to the left of the current turtle position without changing the orientation of the turtle (hops sideways). Use a negative number to hop to the right. Puts the pen back down when it's done if the pen was down beforehand.
Expand source code
def hop(dist): """ Lifts the pen and moves the given distance to the left of the current turtle position without changing the orientation of the turtle (hops sideways). Use a negative number to hop to the right. Puts the pen back down when it's done if the pen was down beforehand. """ downNow = t.isdown() t.penup() t.lt(90) t.fd(dist) t.rt(90) if downNow: t.pendown() def leap(dist)-
Penup + fd + pendown. You can use a negative number to go backwards.
Expand source code
def leap(dist): """ Penup + fd + pendown. You can use a negative number to go backwards. """ downNow = t.isdown() t.penup() t.fd(dist) if downNow: t.pendown() def loudLines()-
Re-enables printed output for forward/back commands if it was disabled with
quietLines().Expand source code
def loudLines(): """ Re-enables printed output for forward/back commands if it was disabled with `quietLines`. """ global PRINT_LINES PRINT_LINES = True def noTrace()-
Disables turtle tracing, so that drawing will be near-instant (much faster than even speed 0). However, nothing will be displayed until you call showPicture.
Expand source code
def noTrace(): """ Disables turtle tracing, so that drawing will be near-instant (much faster than even speed 0). However, nothing will be displayed until you call showPicture. """ t.tracer(0, 0) def polygon_name(n)-
The name for a polygon with N sides.
Expand source code
def polygon_name(n): """ The name for a polygon with N sides. """ if n in range(len(POLYGON_NAMES)) and POLYGON_NAMES[n] is not None: return POLYGON_NAMES[n] else: return str(n) + '-gon' def quietLines()-
Disables printed output for forward/back commands and their aliases. Re-enable with
loudLines().Expand source code
def quietLines(): """ Disables printed output for forward/back commands and their aliases. Re-enable with `loudLines`. """ global PRINT_LINES PRINT_LINES = False def randomCoolColor()-
Returns a random well-saturated cool color.
Expand source code
def randomCoolColor(): """ Returns a random well-saturated cool color. """ return random.choice([ "Purple", "BlueViolet", "Blue", "DodgerBlue", "RoyalBlue", "Navy", "DarkSlateBlue", "Turquoise", "SeaGreen", "DarkGreen", "ForestGreen", ]) def randomMutedColor()-
Returns a random faded color.
Expand source code
def randomMutedColor(): """ Returns a random faded color. """ return random.choice([ "Aquamarine3", "DarkSeaGreen3", "DarkOrange3", "GoldenRod3", "DarkSlateGray4", "IndianRed3", "Salmon3", "MediumPurple2", "Plum3", "OliveDrab3", "PaleGreen3", ]) def randomPastelColor()-
Returns a random pastel color.
Expand source code
def randomPastelColor(): """ Returns a random pastel color. """ return random.choice([ # Purple "Plum", "Thistle", # Bluish "LightSkyBlue", "PaleTurquoise", # Green-blue "Aquamarine", # Greenish "PaleGreen", # Yellowish/cream "LightYellow", "BlanchedAlmond", # Redish "LightPink", "MistyRose", ]) def randomVibrantColor()-
Returns a random well-saturated color.
Expand source code
def randomVibrantColor(): """ Returns a random well-saturated color. """ return random.choice([ "Blue", "Navy", "Red", "DarkRed", "Green", "ForestGreen", "Yellow", "Purple", "SaddleBrown", "SeaGreen", "Orange", "VioletRed", ]) def randomWarmColor()-
Returns a random well-saturated warm color.
Expand source code
def randomWarmColor(): """ Returns a random well-saturated warm color. """ return random.choice([ # Pinks "DeepPink", "Salmon", # Reds "Red", "DarkRed", "Tomato", # Oranges "Orange", "DarkOrange", "Coral", # Yellows & browns "Yellow", "SaddleBrown", "Sienna", # Greens "Chartreuse", "YellowGreen", ]) def realign()-
Sets the turtle's heading back to the default (0 degrees = facing right).
Expand source code
def realign(): """ Sets the turtle's heading back to the default (0 degrees = facing right). """ t.setheading(0) def setupTurtle()-
Sets up the turtle window using default size, speed, pen size, and pen/fill colors.
Expand source code
def setupTurtle(): """ Sets up the turtle window using default size, speed, pen size, and pen/fill colors. """ try: t.setup() except Exception: pass t.setup() t.reset() t.pensize(1.5) t.color("black", "black") # TODO: Move turtle window to front def showPicture()-
Shows any lines drawn so far. Required when noTrace has been called to disable real-time drawing.
Expand source code
def showPicture(): """ Shows any lines drawn so far. Required when noTrace has been called to disable real-time drawing. """ t.update() def teleport(x, y)-
Penup + goto + pendown.
Expand source code
def teleport(x, y): """ Penup + goto + pendown. """ downNow = t.isdown() t.penup() t.goto(x, y) if downNow: t.pendown() def test_TurtleBeads()-
Tests this module by drawing various shapes in a grid.
Expand source code
def test_TurtleBeads(): """ Tests this module by drawing various shapes in a grid. """ setupTurtle() noTrace() teleport(-200, 200) drawCircle(50) print("Circle done...") teleport(-100, 200) drawEllipse(50, 0.5) print("Ellipse 1 done...") teleport(0, 200) drawEllipse(40, 1.5) print("Ellipse 2 done...") teleport(100, 200) drawDot(25) print("Filled circle done...") teleport(200, 200) drawSquare(50) print("Square done...") teleport(-200, 100) drawRectangle(50, 75) print("Rectangle 1 done...") teleport(-100, 100) drawRectangle(75, 50) print("Rectangle 2 done...") teleport(0, 100) drawPolygon(40, 3) print("Polygon 1 done...") teleport(100, 100) drawPolygon(40, 5) print("Polygon 2 done...") teleport(200, 100) drawPolygon(20, 12) print("Polygon 3 done...") teleport(0, 0) drawText("Hello\nWorld") print("Text done...") showPicture() teleport(-200, -80) for i in range(10): t.fillcolor("navy") t.begin_fill() t.lt(18.182 * i) drawSquare(20.1827 + 1.802938 * i) t.rt(18.182 * i) t.end_fill() leap(50) print("Row of squares is done...") teleport(-200, -160) for i in range(10): t.fillcolor("navy") t.begin_fill() t.lt(18.182 * i) drawEllipse(20.1827 + 1.802938 * i, 1.345 + 0.03 * i) t.rt(18.182 * i) t.end_fill() leap(50) print("Row of ellipses is done...") showPicture() def withTenths(val)-
Returns a string containing the given floating-point value rounded to the tenths place, with the decimal and zero dropped if it's an even number.
Expand source code
def withTenths(val): """ Returns a string containing the given floating-point value rounded to the tenths place, with the decimal and zero dropped if it's an even number. """ result = "{:.1f}".format(val) if result[-1] == '0': result = result[:-2] return result