This project is partially inspired by Shannon Vallor’s “Technology and the Virtues: A Philosophical Guide to a Future Worth Wanting” and Cory Doctorow’s book “How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism”. Doctorow says that “Big Tech’s product is persuasion. The” free “services—social media, search engines, maps, messaging, and more—are delivery systems for persuasion” (Doctorow). In light of this, in this project we looked at the advertisements that we saw in our daily lives, especially related to technology, and analyzed the many hidden ways we are persuaded to do or buy certain things. Specifically, we hoped to identify areas of logical fallacies in the logic that these ads use to persuade us. I primarily used Instagram and Reddit to collect ads for this project, because these are the apps I use the most. Most Reddit ads were generic, often focusing on broad topics like insurance or cars, with fewer instances of the persuasive techniques or fallacies we were examining. As a result, the majority of ads came from Instagram, particularly from the “Reels” section. I sent these ads to my other account for later review, and for Stories, I used screenshots because of the 24-hour expiration. Overall, the collection process was not problematic, though seeking out ads intentionally on Instagram seemed to disappear all the interesting ads—this meant I had to collect ads over a week to gather true, suitable material. Part of what I hope to glean is whether, “companies like Google and Facebook” are convincing me “to buy stuff” by examining these personalized avenues of persuasion (advertisements from brands and influencers) (Doctorow).
    I found that appeals to authority and popularity were common across many ads, especially in influencer-created content. Influencers often establish credibility within specific niches, making them attractive to brands seeking to reach a target audience. This influence lends a subtle power to authority, as followers perceive the influencer’s opinion as trustworthy even if they lack formal expertise (e.g., a skincare influencer promoting a cream based on personal experience). Similarly, brand ads often use celebrities or public figures to boost authority. Doctorow identifies four areas of persuasion, and I found that segmenting (targeting me based on my interests) and deception were the most common methods I observed from ad to ad (Doctorow). As an example of segmenting and at the risk of being a bit personal, both the dating app ads showed up on my page—they clearly know I am a college student who might be dating.
    Red text box are ads from brands. Orange and blue text boxes are content/more discrete ads from influencers. Blue text boxes are clickable.

This girl is attractive because she uses our washcloth. You can be too… — faulty analogy. (Instagram)

If you do not leave the Apple ecosystem, you are not as smart — subtle ad hominem (leaving Apple, using Samsung = smart, false cause). (Instagram)

Everyone swears for (loves) Bud Light in the office, so you should too — appeal to popularity. (Instagram)

Stereotypes about GenZ refuted through emotional counter - examples to inspire watching NHL — straw man, appeal to emotion. (Instagram)

Suggests credibility through celebrity presence and trendiness, where even are the shoes? — appeal to authority/popularity. (Instagram)

Sold out every year, really? Popularity = quality? — appeal to popularity. (Instagran)

He won while wearing Nike gear. Our gear helped him win — post hoc ergo propter hoc. (Instagram)

Your friends are using it, everyone is using it! Why aren’t you? — appeal to popularity. (Instagram)

I’m so happy, because of my boyfriend (from Hinge). You can get a boyfriend (from Hinge), too ;) — faulty analogy. (Instagram)

Reddit Ad, Elf

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“Sins” has two meanings. Does our cream save you from popping pimples (‘sin’) or the aftereffects? — equivocation. (Reddit)

Everyone in this running club (app) is single. It’s a good place to find a relationship — composition fallacy. (Instagram, recorded because would not allow to view unless over 18/signed in)

Influencer content 1

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Big names are tricking you! This one doesn’t trick you because…there’s a leather handle? — ad hominem. (Instagram)

Girl is distressed over an unexpected pregnancy: this is why reproductive rights are important—appeal to emotion. (Instagram)

I got into Harvard, so I am qualified to get you into Harvard too — appeal to authority. (Instagram)

You don’t buy this safe. You get robbed. You lose all your money — slippery slope. (Instagram)

This skincare makes my skin nice — this is good for our skin. Was your skin already nice? — begging the question. (Instagram)

David Dobrik makes great videos! He must know the best gambling app — appeal to authority. (Youtube)

Funny! But even if everyone thinks you’re cute, that has nothing to do with the deals —irrelevant conclusion. (TikTok)

Look! I have one! You need one! We all need one! — appeal to popularity. (Instagram)

Is a tablet laptop, small, and has AI does not make it great for creatives — division fallacy. (Instagram)